Concept¶
abstract package is built upon the principle of dynamically looking up and
calling the right set of classes/functions/methods based on requirements.
These requirements are defined in each abstraction enabled package in the
form of tokens.
Abstraction-Enabled Package¶
An abstracton-enabled package is simply any regular Python package declared to
be abstraction-compatible using the abstract.declare_package() API. Beyond
that, an abstraction-enabled package behaves no differently than any other
standard Python modules.
# Example
# -------
#
# abstraction-enabled package example
# assuming the following directory structure
# my_package/
# |
# |-- __init__.py
# |
# `-- <other files/dirs>
# declare abstraction-package at the top of my_package/__init__.py
from genie import abstract
abstract.declare_package(__name__)
# Note
# ----
#
# - the above is equivalent to:
# from abstract import declare_package
# declare_package(__name__)
#
# - __name__ is the name of this module
The call to abstract.declare_package(__name__) internally
flags the given module to be an abstraction package. This is a mandatory step
when creating a module to be abstraction-compatible, and does not change the
behavior of how this package normally behaves.
# Example
# -------
#
# an abstraction-enabled package is just like any other package
# you can import it
import my_package
# you can import submodules/classes/functions from it
from my_package import sub_module
from my_package import your_class
from my_package.sub_module import my_submodule_class
Abstraction Tokens¶
An abstraction token is simply a child-module within an abstraction-enabled
package. It is declared by calling abstract.declare_token() API. Similar to
the above, these are still… Python modules.
# Example
# -------
#
# abstraction-enabled package with tokens
# assuming the following directory sturcture
# my_package/
# |
# |-- __init__.py
# |
# |-- token_one/
# | `-- __init__.py
# |
# `-- token_two/
# |-- __init__.py
# |
# `-- token_two_one/
# `-- __init__.py
# abstraction-token is declared at the top of
# - my_package/token_one/__init__.py
# - my_package/token_two/__init__.py
# - my_package/token_two_one/__init__.py
from genie import abstract
abstract.declare_token(__name__)
# Note
# ----
#
# - the above is equivalent to:
# from abstract import declare_token
# declare_token(__name__)
#
# - __name__ is the name of this module
# keep in mind that this does not alter the nature of python modules
# it can still be imported
from my_package.token_one import my_class
from my_package.token_two import token_two_one
from my_package.token_two_one.token_two_one import my_other_class
Each abstraction token represents an alternate set of libraries, capable of
handling the differences introduced/labelled by the token name. For example,
if a package contains token nxos, it suggests that the libraries following
this token module is specific to Cisco NXOS.
In addition, tokens may be chained/nested. This allows for library tiering. For
example, if token yang is declared under token nxos, it suggests that
these libraries would be specific to Cisco NXOS’s NETCONF/YANG implementation.
Note
Tokens may carry arbitrary names. Use token naming wisely to depict differences where you want to abstract your libraries. For more details, refer to Conventions.
Tip
Follow PEP8 - module naming convention.
Abstraction Mechanism¶
The abstract module works most of its magic at the Python import and
getattr() level. It does so by dissecting each lookup into three distinct
parts:
relative path: the primary lookup path that makes the most sense from a functional perspective. This is what the user references directly, eg:
my_library.routing.ospftokens: the list of abstraction tokens currently known by the abstraction engine. This portion is registered through the
Lookupobject. Eg:iosxr,fretta,xml.target: the module/class/function/variable user is looking for.
During runtime, the lookup engine dynamically pieces together the above information into a list of possible candidate absolute paths (direct mapping to python import statements). As the list of tokens is arbitrary, this candidate list is built following the Search Algorithm.
# Example
# -------
#
# relative path & absolute path explained
# Given the following tokens:
# - iosxe
# - polaris_dev
# - yang
os = 'iosxe'
branch = 'polaris_dev'
context = 'yang'
# feed to to abstraction lookup engine.
library = abstract.Lookup(os, branch, context)
# the relative call to
library.my_package.config.routing.ospf.Ospf()
# could match, for example:
#
# my_package.iosxe.config.polaris_dev.routing.ospf.yang.Ospf
# | | | | | | | |
# abstraction | relative | relative | | class
# package | path | path | token
# token token relative
# path
# which translates to:
# from my_package.iosxe.config.polaris_dev.routing.ospf.yang import Ospf
#
# where
# -----
# relative path = config, routing, ospf
# tokens = iosxe, polaris_dev, yang
# target = Ospf()
Search Algorithm¶
The search engine combines the user’s relative path and currently known
tokens into possible absolute paths (python module names) and searches
through them. A match occurs when an implementation is found (ie the target
exists at the candidate relative path). Otherwise, the next combination is
tried. If no target is found, a LookupError would be thrown.
As the token names are not pre-defined, the search engine orders all tokens in a pre-defined fashion:
token describes a set of differences
token positions are always fixed w.r.t. to its left (parent)
tokens on the right are more specific than tokens on the left
each token may only appear once in a combination
greedy match: more tokens matches is always better than less.
Given tokens: a, b, c and d, the preferred token combination would be:
a b c d
a b c
a b
a
(no tokens)
These combinations are then multiplexed to user’s relative path into potential absolute paths to search for, using the following rules:
absolute paths must always start with the abstracted package name.
the order of relative path sections (words divided by
.) must be preserved.the order of token combinations must be preserved.
tokens may take place before and after each relative path section, and may appear in multiples together. (eg,
library.iosxr.google.latest.mpls)the last resort option is to try with “no token”, eg, matching the relative path directly.
Combining the above rules, the ideal solution would be a multi-combinatory mathematical function, whose search complexity is … (insert math here) … exponential.
Given Package: my_pkg
Relative Path: X, Y
Tokens: a, b
Target: MyClass()
We could have the following mathmatical combinational possibilities:
1. my_pkg.a.X.b.Y.MyClass()
2. my_pkg.a.X.Y.b.MyClass()
3. my_pkg.X.a.Y.b.MyClass()
4. my_pkg.X.a.b.Y.MyClass()
5. my_pkg.X.Y.a.b.MyClass()
6. my_pkg.a.X.Y.MyClass()
7. my_pkg.X.a.Y.MyClass()
8. my_pkg.X.Y.a.MyClass()
9. my_pkg.X.Y.MyClass()
And that's just with two tokens and two path sections!
The actual implementation internally is much simpler. When an an abstracted
package is defined/declared and the lookup object is created, the package and
all of its child modules are recursively imported. This allows the abstraction
engine to build an internal table of relative paths, their available token
combinations learnt from the import and its corresponding module. This reduced
relative path + tokens relationship effectively simplies the above
brute-force search algorithm into an O(n) lookup, where n is the number
of tokens.
Pseudo Lookup Table
===================
Relative Path Tokens Combos Corresponding Module
------------- ------------- --------------------
X.Y a, b X.a.Y.b
X.Y a X.a.Y
X.Y None X.Y
(shown in order of preference, from top down)
This algorithm limits to only dealing with what’s been defined in the user
library, instead of going through all possible permutations of relative path
and tokens. The system assumes that it is unlikely for users to make
redundant declarations, such as defining both from X.a.Y.b import target and
from X.a.b.Y import target within the same library.
Note
The learning process safeguards against these redundant scenarios.
Token Builder¶
The token builder is a simple function that implements the token permutation
portion of the Search Algorithm. The default token builder is
available as abstract.magic.default_builder().
Argument |
Description |
|---|---|
|
list of tokens to permute |
|
list of tokens that must be used |
# Example
# -------
#
# pseudo code demonstrating the behavior of default token builder
from abstract.magic import default_builder
# without any mandatory tokens
default_builder(tokens = ['nxos', 'n7k', 'c7003', 'yang', 'R8_1'])
# [('nxos', 'n7k', 'c7003', 'yang', 'R8_1'),
# ('nxos', 'n7k', 'c7003', 'yang'),
# ('nxos', 'n7k', 'c7003'),
# ('nxos', 'n7k'),
# ('nxos',),
# ()]
# a mandatory token is one that MUST be used in the search
default_builder(tokens = ['nxos', 'n7k', 'c7003', 'yang', 'R8_1'],
mandatory = ['yang'])
# [('nxos', 'n7k', 'c7003', 'yang', 'R8_1'),
# ('nxos', 'n7k', 'c7003', 'yang'),
# ('nxos', 'n7k', 'yang'),
# ('nxos', 'yang'),
# ('yang',)]
In essence, the “tokens” input parameter to the builder is a reflection of the actual, longest possible chain of tokens under any given relative path. If no target is found at this token/relative path combination, the next, reduced set of tokens is tried. This reduction mechanism always reduces from the right.
Use the mandatory input argument when you absolutely require some tokens to
be present in any token permutations during abstraction. This can be useful when
you do not want the system to automatically fallback using the above logic and
remove it. This ensures the proper “set” of libraries is picked.